How Conservative Hollywood Became a Liberal Town

How Conservative Hollywood Became a Liberal Town While it might appear as if Hollywood has consistently been liberal, it hasn’t. Not many individuals today understand that at one point in the advancement of American film, moderates controlled the film making industry. Santa Clause Monica College Professor Larry Ceplair, co-creator of The Inquisition in Hollywood, composed that during the ‘20s and ‘30s, most studio heads were moderate Republicans who burned through a huge number of dollars to square association and society sorting out. Similarly, the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees, the Moving Picture Machine Operators, and the Screen Actors Guild were totally headed by traditionalists, also. Embarrassments and Censorship In the mid 1920s, a progression of embarrassments shook Hollywood. As indicated by creators Kristin Thompson and David Bordwell, quiet film star Mary Pickford separated from her first spouse in 1921 with the goal that she could wed the alluring Douglas Fairbanks. Soon thereafter, Roscoe â€Å"Fatty† Arbuckle was blamed (yet later absolved) of assaulting and killing a youthful entertainer during a wild gathering. In 1922, after chief William Desmond Taylor was discovered killed, the open educated of his offensive relationships with some of Hollywood’s most popular entertainers. The last bit of excess that will be tolerated came in 1923, when Wallace Reid, a toughly attractive entertainer, kicked the bucket of a morphine overdose. In themselves, these episodes were a reason for sensation yet taken together, studio managers stressed they would be blamed for advancing unethical behavior and extravagance. As it seemed to be, various dissent bunches had effectively campaigned Washington and the government was hoping to force restriction rules on the studios. Instead of losing control of their item and face the association of the legislature, the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of American (MPPDA) recruited Warren Harding’s Republican postmaster general, Will Hays, to address the issue. The Hays Code In their book, Thompson and Bordwell state Hays spoke to the studios to expel frightful substance from their movies and in 1927, he gave them a rundown of material to keep away from, called the â€Å"Don’ts and Be Carefuls† list. It secured most extramarital perversion and the portrayal of crime. By and by, by the mid 1930s, a considerable lot of the things on Hays’ list were being disregarded and with Democrats controlling Washington, it appeared to be more probable than at any other time that a restriction law would be actualized. In 1933, Hays pushed the film business to embrace the Production Code, which expressly denies portrayals of wrongdoing technique, sexual depravity. Movies that maintain the code got a seal of endorsement. In spite of the fact that the â€Å"Hays Code,† as it came to be known helped the business maintain a strategic distance from stiffer oversight at the national level, it started to dissolve in the late 40s and early ‘50s . The House Un-American Activities Committee In spite of the fact that it was not viewed as un-American to identify with the Soviets during the 1930s or during World War II, when they were American partners, it was viewed as un-American when the war was finished. In 1947, Hollywood learned people who had been thoughtful to the socialist reason during those early years ended up being examined by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and interrogated regarding their â€Å"communist activities.† Ceplair brings up that the traditionalist Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals furnished the panel with names of supposed subversives. Individuals from the union affirmed before the advisory group as friendly† witnesses. Other â€Å"friendlies,†, for example, Jack Warner of Warner Bros. also, entertainers Gary Cooper, Ronald Reagan, and Robert Taylor either fingered others as â€Å"communists† or communicated worry over liberal substance in their contents. Following a four-year suspension of the advisory group finished in 1952, previous socialists and Soviet supporters, for example, on-screen characters Sterling Hayden and Edward G. Robinson kept themselves in the clear by naming others. The majority of the individuals named were content scholars. Ten of them, who affirmed as â€Å"unfriendly† witnesses got known as the â€Å"Hollywood Ten† and were boycotted †adequately finishing their professions. Ceplair takes note of that following the hearings, societies, and associations cleansed nonconformists, radicals, and liberals from their positions, and throughout the following 10 years, the shock gradually started to disperse. Radicalism Seeps Into Hollywood Due to a limited extent to a reaction against manhandles executed by the House Un-American Activities Committee, and to a limited extent to a milestone Supreme Court governing in 1952 pronouncing movies to be a type of free discourse, Hollywood started to gradually change. By 1962, the Production Code was basically toothless. The recently shaped Motion Picture Association of America actualized a rating framework, which despite everything stands today. In 1969, after the discharge of Easy Rider, coordinated by liberal-turned-conservative Dennis Hopper, counter-culture films started to show up in noteworthy numbers. By the mid-1970s, more seasoned chiefs were resigning, and another age of movie producers was rising. By the late 1970s, Hollywood was straightforwardly and explicitly liberal. In the wake of making his last movie in 1965, Hollywood executive John Ford recognized the inevitable. â€Å"Hollywood now is controlled by Wall St. also, Madison Ave., who request ‘Sex and Violence,’† writer Tag Gallagher cites him as writing in his book, â€Å"This is against my still, small voice and religion.† Hollywood Today Things are very little unique today. In a 1992 letter to the New York Times, screenwriter and playwright Jonathan R. Reynoldsâ lamentâ that â€Å"†¦ Hollywood today is as fascistic toward preservationists as the 1940s and 50s wereâ liberals †¦ And that goes for the motion pictures and TV programs produced.† It goes past Hollywood, as well, Reynolds contends. Indeed, even the New York theater network is uncontrolled with radicalism. â€Å"Any play that recommends that prejudice is a two-way road or that communism is corrupting essentially wont be produced,† Reynolds composes. â€Å"I challenge you to name any plays created over the most recent 10 years that astutely uphold traditionalist thoughts. Make that 20 years.† The exercise Hollywood despite everything has not educated, he says, is that constraint of thoughts, paying little mind to political influence, â€Å"should not be widespread in the arts.† The foe is suppression itself.

History of Ancient Philosophy Paper Essay

Review that at Apology 37d, â€Å"It would be a fine life for me, undoubtedly, a man of my age, to go into oust and go through his time on earth trading one city for another, on the grounds that he’s continually being removed (C. D. C. Reeve, P-Apology 37d)† Admittedly, Socrates could most likely have maintained a strategic distance from death by prescribing banish in the event that he needed to, however he decided not to do as such. At that point, what precisely, was in his brain? Subsequent to having been condemned to death, Socrates was resting in his jail cell anticipating his execution. Promptly toward the beginning of the day, Crito visits Socrates and endeavors to convince him to get away from the city before the execution. In the event that we investigate their discoursed, Socrates proposes inspecting whether he ought to do what Crito prompts or not, characterizing himself as â€Å"a individual who tunes in to nothing inside him except for the contention that on objective reflection appears to be ideal to him† (C. D. C. Reeve, P-Crito 46b). Here, Socrates appears to guarantee that he knows nothing, so will decide to do what has all the earmarks of being the best to him through analyzing. Socrates utilizes this one of a kind technique for looking at all through the books of Apology, Crito and Republic by consistently addressing to make sense of what appears the best. At that point, the inquiry is, I don't get his meaning by â€Å"best† in the announcement? I contend that it is neither his life nor his family, yet what is simply or equity. I can't help suspecting that Socrates’ proclamation at Crito 46b mirrors his own way of thinking that one ought to look at his activity whether it is simply or unreasonable before performing it. As indicated by Socrates, one ought to play out the activity that is simply and ought not perform on the off chance that it is a low activity in the wake of looking at. An incredible model exhibiting this point can be found in Apology, where Socrates states â€Å"You’re not thinking straight, sir, on the off chance that you feel that a man who’s any utilization whatsoever should give any contradicting weight to the danger of living or biting the dust, rather than looking to this by itself at whatever point he does anything: regardless of whether his activities are simply or vile, the deeds of a positive or negative man (C. D. C. Reeve, P-Apology 28b). † This section plainly shows Socrates’ character and individual way of thinking. Socrates was an individual who inspects and decides to do what is simply regardless of whether its outcome were catastrophicâ€even passing. In this section, even in the circumstance of his own life in question, Socrates contends that a man who’s any utilization whatsoever, or I decipher this as a savvy man, ought not stress over last chance, however ought to look at what is not long before playing out an activity; that is, the deciding variable of playing out an activity ought to be founded on what is simply yet nothing else. I can't help thinking that he could have maintained a strategic distance from death in the event that he doesn't state what he does in the section. Be that as it may, he is the individual who is convinced by nothing inside himself except for the contention that seems, by all accounts, to be the best to him, which is equity, as he states at Crito 46b. Along these lines, he decides to do what is exactly at the court paying little mind to the outcome of it as he does as such also later after the sentence. Another extraordinary model that shows Socrates’ point would be the section at Crito 54c. In this section, he likewise mirrors his own way of thinking that one ought to look at himself before playing out an activity and ought not perform it in the event that it is an unreasonable activity. â€Å"†¦Don’t put a higher incentive on youngsters, on life, or on whatever else than on what’s just†¦. assume you return bad form for treachery and awful treatment for awful treatment in that dishonorable manner, breaking your understandings and duties with us and doing terrible things to those whom you should in particular treat in that way†¦ (C. D. C. Reeve, P-Crito 54c)† once more, it appears that Socrates underscores that doing what is simply is the most elevated an incentive throughout everyday life. Steadfastly faithful to his ethical standards, Socrates will not leave Athens since he accepted that it would be in opposition to his ethical standards, yet in addition unfair to the city. Indeed, he accepted that it is simply in him to stir the dozing city, and to persuade individuals what is genuinely important†equity. It appears to be obvious to me that Socrates’ fundamental concern was to look at himself before his activity and perform what is similarly as he admits at Crito 54d as follows: â€Å"That, Crito, my dear companion, is the thing that I appear to hear them saying, you might be certain. † Therefore, he tunes in to what appears to be ideal to him and doesn't get away from the city. In any case, it is flawed to me that in the event that it is simply to adhere to out of line laws. I am enticed to feel that it would be more just to battle for only laws than simply to keep unjustifiable laws since when I think about the holocaust casualties, I don't consider them simply individuals, yet only uncalled for survivors of bad form. In spite of this, I imagine that his unwaveringness to what he accepted to be simply is really excellent. As I would see it, being so energetic to know reality, Socrates, perhaps and just perhaps, needed to comprehend what it is after his passing and to free his spirit in best condition. Or on the other hand, perhaps he needed to encourage that what he accepted to be simply is a higher priority than his life. By and large, Socrates proposes that life merits living just on the off chance that one does the equitable activities through the philosophical procedure of analyzing himself. I find that his character is moving on the grounds that doing what is only paying little mind to its outcomes takes a lot of boldness. Work Cited Reeve, C. D. C. A Plato peruser: eight basic discoursed. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub. Co. , 2012. Print.

A Survey of Information Technologies in Logistics Management Essays

A Survey of Information Technologies in Logistics Management Essays A Survey of Information Technologies in Logistics Management Essay A Survey of Information Technologies in Logistics Management Essay A Survey of Information Technologies in Logistics Management Anil Gurung University of Texas at Arlington Department of Information Systems and Operations Management, College of Business Administration Office: Room 630 Business Building Box 19437 701 S West St. Arlington, Texas 76019-0437 Voice: 817. 272. 3528 Email: [emailprotected] edu ABSTRACT This paper breaks down the effect of data innovations (IT) on coordinations by leading an overview of written works on scholarly coordinations diaries and expert diaries. The writing study and practice locate that outsider calculated suppliers have better chance to use IT since they have to have interoperable IT frameworks with their clients. The business theory of Just-In-Time (JIT) has likewise added to the effect of IT in coordinations. Further, data advancements are recognized that has profited the coordinations. Future headings of coordinations are examined. Presentation The expansion of data advances (IT) and the web advances have given driving force and difficulties to the coordinations. New advancements present new intends to deal with the progression of data. IT as a profitability device can be used to both increment the capacity and diminishing the expense simultaneously (Closs et al. , 1997). It has been generally acknowledged that organizations can accomplish upper hand by cost decrease or separation with its correct usage (Porter Millar, 1985). Empowered by IT the coordinations has gotten a wellspring of upper hand for some organizations. Two surges of research are recognized that features the job of IT in coordinations. First stream identifies with without a moment to spare coordinations data framework (Anderson Quinn, 1986; Bookbinder Dilts, 1989; Das Handfield, 1997; Gomes Mentzer, 1988; Perry, 1988; Schwarz Weng, 2000; Spencer, M. S. et al. , 1994; Spencer, M. S. et al. , 1996; Takahashi Nakamura, 2000; Titone, 1996; Wafa Yasin, 1996). The other stream is the outsider coordinations (Lewis Talalayevsky, 2000; Peters et al. , 1998; Sauvage, 2003; Sink Langley, 1997; Vaidyanathan, 2005). Significance of IT in coordinations has developed somewhat by business reasoning of Just-InTime (JIT) by firms. With the accentuation of firms on JIT, the effect of coordinations has developed as it is progressively perceived as a wellspring of predictable, low lead time, harm free conveyances (Bardi et al. , 1994). In quest for upper hands, firms re-appropriate their capacities which are noncore skills with the goal that they can concentrate on their center capabilities. An ongoing overview found that 83 percent of the studied Fortune 500 organizations revealed having in any event one agreement with an outsider coordinations supplier (Lieb Bentz, 2004). Throughout the years, the utilization of outsider coordinations has been expanding. Comparable study of Fortune 500 organizations taken in 1991 had just 38 percent of the respondents announcing the utilization of outsider coordinations supplier (Lieb, 1992). The 618 outsider calculated administrators endeavor to tackle the ability of data innovation to offer better types of assistance than their clients. The goal of this paper is to concentrate how IT has affected coordinations. To this end, writing survey of both driving scholarly and expert strategic diaries is led. The following segment will report the structure of coordinations. The accompanying area will break down the IT empowering influences in coordinations. At that point, the ramifications of web based business are talked about followed by a segment on future headings for coordinations. Audit OF THE LITERATURE An order conspire coordinations capacities gives an important method to concentrate how IT has affected the different elements of coordinations. Past research in coordinations have arranged the utilization of data frameworks in coordinations in various ways. An arrangement of coordinations capacities can be isolated into following five wide zones (Bowersox, 1974): office area, transportation, stock, correspondence and material development. In light of the issue zones that application addresses, seven territories of coordinations has been recognized as office area, stock control, request section, vehicle booking, distribution center design arranging, cargo rate recovery, and item and shipment following (Ballou, 1976). Another review recognized five classes as office area, stock control, transportation, creation booking, and all out physical circulation (House, 1978). These classifications regarded every class as individual elements instead of an entire framework. Taking note of this deficiency, Stenger (1986) proposed another order comprising of exchange frameworks, transient booking and stock recharging frameworks, stream arranging frameworks, and system arranging and plan frameworks. Developing the structure created by Bowersox, Novack et al (1992) isolated coordinations work into two classifications. The principal class alludes to physical exercises that are required different utilities of client need. These will incorporate stock, transportation and client care activities. The subsequent classification alludes to stream of data or exchange exercises that follow or start the physical exercises. The physical and data streams in coordinations work is very much portrayed in Figure 1 that shows the order of coordinations works as depicted by Vaidyanathan (2005). As appeared in the figure, data streams between coordinations work are overseen, facilitated and bolstered by different coordinations advances. 619 Stock and Logistics Management: Freight Consolidation Freight Distribution Shipment Planning Traffic Management Inventory Management Carrier Selection Order Entry/Management Information Flow Customer Service: Freight Payments Auditing Order Management Fulfillment Help Desk Carrier Selection Rate Negotiation Information Flow Warehousing: Packaging Product Making Labeling Warehousing Material Flow Transportation: Fleet Management Cross Docking Product Return Figure 1: Categorization of Logistics Functions (adjusted from Vaidyanathan 2005) IT empowering influences in Logistics The writing in coordinations is brimming with occasions where data innovation has been touted as a way to improve coordinations intensity (Bowersox, 1974; Closs et al. , 1997; Rabinovich et al. , 1999; Stenger, 1986). However there has been barely any experimental investigations that relates coordinations data capacities to coordinations ability (Closs et al. , 1997). A mainstream system in data frameworks discipline set forward by Gorry Morton (1989) place coordinations choices as organized and differing from operational to key. The job of coordinations data frameworks as operational and vital empowering influences in various regions of the firm’s gracefully chain has been expressed in the writing (Langley et al. , 1988). There has been a move of IT from being an empowering influence of operational and material dealing with capacities to being an empowering agent of dynamic and activityplanning capacities inside the flexibly chain (La Londe Auker, 1973). Coordinations Information System Logistics Information System (LIS) is the application part of coordinations data innovation. A viable LIS encourages the correct data stream between stock, 20 Information Flow warehousing and transportation to understand the significant level of client care. The capacity to advance the coordinations cost and administration levels is influenced by the LIS of the firm and its accomplices. Firms that give better coordinations administrations at a lower cost can have upper hand over its rivals (Bardi et al. , 1994). Two cl asses of LIS has been perceived in the writing (Closs et al. , 1997). Coordinations working frameworks (LOS) allude to value-based applications, for example, request section, request preparing, warehousing, and transportation. Coordinations arranging frameworks (LPS) allude to organizing applications, for example, guaging, stock administration, and conveyance necessities arranging. EDI Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) has effectively upgraded the correspondence between firms which is basic for coordinations. This innovation expects firms to have basic information designing and transmission gauges or conventions. Such innovations have been utilized by organizations to arrange their worth chain exercises including coordinations. Early utilizations of EDI has been on transmitting vehicle area data by railroads to their clients. Different kinds of coordinations data conveyed by EDI are buy orders/discharges and changes, propelled dispatching sees, bills of replenishing, and solicitations. Auspicious and precise data is critical in dynamic about complex coordinations issues. Japan Airlines (JAL) received EDI to deal with their mind boggling esteem chain coordinations required for their tasks, remembering obtainment and only for time conveyance of airplane fuel, fix and support airplane parts, food cooking and other client prerequisites (Chatfield Bjorn-Andersen, 1997). The upper hand picked up by organizations utilizing EDI is refered to in the writing. Firms using EDI were better ready to satisfy more noteworthy number of administrations to their clients (Rogers et al. , 1992). Bar coding Bar coding is one of the most IT empowering influences to date and has had huge effect in the training. Beginning in 1960’s probably the most punctual usage of scanner tags were in rail street vehicles. These days it is wild in anything that should be distinguished and followed. The diverse sort of standardized identifications are accessible, known as symbologies, for various purposes. Practically speaking, most firms like to utilize industry norms instead of restrictive measures for the vast majority of their standardized tags on their items. By observing industry measures, standardized identifications decrease the complexities intrinsic in the utilization of different standa

Applications of Social Pedagogy

Utilizations of Social Pedagogy In mainland Europe the possibility of social instructional method has advanced as a type of social work practice (Midgley, 1997). Be that as it may, the possibility of social teaching method has a very new importance to those from the UK. Subsequently its substance can be at first difficult to comprehend. Beginning at the broadest level, instructional method alludes to the investigation of training, techniques for educating and related fields. At the most significant level, Moss and Petrie (2002) portray instructional method as being on a very basic level made out of four viewpoints. The first is the advancement of hypothesis, the second includes strategy, the third the instruction and preparing of laborers lastly what kids really do every day. Two of the most significant levels are those of preparing and hypothesis. Instructional method hypothesis at a scholastic level takes in a wide range of controls, for example, criminology, social history, human science and brain science (Moss Petrie, 2002). At the degree of preparing, those endeavor preparing in instructional method take courses in a wide range of courses including dramatization, workmanship, music and a scope of other handy subjects (Moss Petrie, 2002). At the lower level of regular preparing and practice, instructional method can be believed to work in various manners across European nations. For instance in Belgium there is a multi year course which is eventually focussed on scholastic work and further examination. In Denmark there is a solitary calling who are prepared to work with all youngsters up to the age of 18. In France, notwithstanding, educators are prepared for offspring of various age-gatherings, for instance one gathering is from year and a half to 6 years of age. In spite of these distinctions, European nations still for the most part have the possibility that there is some larger hypothesis and structure behind their work on, something that is absent in the UK. This is on the grounds that instructional method is supported up by the assortment of information known as pedagogics and specialists know that they are drawing from a typical pool of thoughts (Moss Petrie, 2002). Over all these diverse European nations, in any case, a few shared characteristics can be drawn out. One of the most significant is the all encompassing methodology that is integral to European academic practice (Hill, 1991; Tuggener, 1993). It is an intelligent methodology that intends to bring into training parts of the entire youngster. This means the childs enthusiastic express, their history, their contemplations and sentiments these are considered by the social instructor. The second part of social instructional method which is critical is that the cooperation with the kid is viewed as social (Moss Petrie, 2002). The social educator isn't simply doing activities on the kid, yet is participating in an argument procedure with them. There is a traverse here from the expert to the individual. These components give a significant complexity to the circumstance in the UK. Here the calling of social work is divided, with a basic presumption that working with youngsters can be minimal more than kid disapproving. Therefore the working conditions and pay are moderately low (Cameron, 2004). Correspondingly levels of preparing are a lot of lower than in the European setting. It is helpful to analyze the possibility of intelligent practice in more prominent detail to perceive how it tends to be applied to ordinary practice. Teaching method sees each occurrence that happens as having the potential for learning (Moss Petrie, 2002). A teacher will, along these lines, examine a specific occurrence to scan for manners by which learning can be extricated. In the event that the result was not perfect, at that point different methods of managing the circumstance will be investigated. Similarly, youngsters are urged to have a similar disposition towards episodes that happen as the educator does. They ought to be urged to figure how they may have acted diversely and what the episode intends to them. The teacher, along these lines, needs to give an agreeable space in which this kind of intelligent addressing can happen. Two significant perspectives that have risen up out of the investigation of mainland European social academic practice are an all encompassing way to deal with kids and adolescents alongside taking part in intelligent practice. An all encompassing methodology takes advantage of a considerable lot of the key jobs of the social laborer as distinguished by TOPPS (2004) in the national word related gauges. For instance Key Role 1 of getting ready for work with people and families will include getting some answers concerning a people foundation, an indispensable advance in understanding them comprehensively. A subsequent model is Key Role 3 which is supporting people and speaking to their necessities. Without an all encompassing comprehension of people more extensive psychosocial conditions, it is preposterous to expect to complete this adequately. The second significant perspective significant in European social teaching method is the utilization of intelligent practice. Once more, this connects to a large number of the key jobs. For instance Key Role 6 is to show proficient skill, as a major aspect of this basic reflection on the social specialists own training is a significant segment (TOPPS, 2004). Further, as a component of Key Role 6 it is suggested that the social specialist considers results. As a focal piece of social academic practice this will be straightforwardly applicable to this Key Role. Additionally, Key Role 1 requires the social laborer to ponder their own experience and how that will influence the relationship (TOPPS, 2004). Unmistakably the utilization of intelligent practice will be significant in this unique situation. Further, Key Role 4 necessitates that the social specialist assess their own training adequately. As a major aspect of this they are required to think about their own choices and whether th ese brought about the ideal results. Once more, intelligent practice in a social academic structure will address this Key Role. Taking everything into account, obviously numerous parts of mainland European social teaching method can be utilized in the British setting. Specifically both intelligent practice and a comprehensive methodology are consistent with the national word related principles for social specialists. References Cameron, C. (2004a) Building an incorporated workforce for a drawn out vision of general early training and care, Policy Paper 3, Leading the Vision arrangement. London: Daycare Trust/Paul Hamlyn Foundation. Slope, M. (1991). Social work and the European Community: the social arrangement and practice settings. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Midgley, J. (1997). Social government assistance in worldwide setting. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Greenery, P., Petrie, P. (2002). From childrens administrations to childrens spaces: open arrangement, youngsters and adolescence. London: Routledge Falmer. TOPPS (2004). National Occupational norms for social work. Leeds: Topss England. Tuggener, H. (1993) The job of the social educator: A blueprint of an European model. Kid and Youth Care Forum, 22(2), 153-157.

Chinese Food and the Family Research Assignment Paper - 825 Words

Chinese Food and the Family Research Assignment Paper (Essay Sample) Content: Chinese Food and the FamilyMy NameUniversityCourseInstructorDateIntroductionFood and family are essential for well being of individuals. Families are composed of individuals who eat food. In essence, families and food play a vital role in improving the social, emotional and physical well being in life. In most cases, people assume food is meant to satisfy hunger. However, the role of food in the family stretches further beyond meeting the physical needs. Food is part of our families. In the Chinese society, food is essential in enhancing various beneficial aspects of the family. Family meal times help enhance family relationships, pass cultural practices and ways of life to young ones.Role of Food in the FamilyMeans of passing culture to childrenFoods in the family help parents pass cultural practices and beliefs to their children. Various cultural practices are passed down from parents to children through food preparation and eating. Through family mealtimes, Chinese children get to learn various developmental skills such as how to hold a cup, manipulate the chopsticks, acquire and develop language and furnish literacy skills mainly through the flow of conversation. Chinese people take filial piety as an important aspect of the society. This is enhanced during mealtimes. For example, children get to understand that elder members of the society are served food first. For instance, table talk is the main means through which young children get exposed to the value and nature of family conversation including how to express thoughts, feelings, ideas, complaints and emotions. In China, family food sharing is the universal channel for expressing family fellowship; embody key values such as duty, hospitality, responsibility, appreciation, sacrifice and empathy among children. Sharing meals is not only an opportunity to eat and fill stomachs but also talk of family issues, create bonds of attachment and strengthen familial relationships and friendship. Family members exchange anecdotes, news and stories over family meal times, family members to learn more about each other. Children get to learn about the interests and attitudes of elders. On the other hand, parents get to learn more about the interests of their children. During family mealtimes, parents get to understand the moods, attitudes and needs of their children and hence be in a position to identify and solve their problems. In China, family mealtimes are feted as supremely important aspects of family life.Family Meals benefit ChildrenFamily mealtimes provide priceless opportunities for socialization of children. Through family meals, children are introduced to the conventional rules and norms of what is considered as socially accepted behavior. In addition, family meals provide a prime setting for conveying to the children important family values and expectations. Moreover parents and seniors get the opportunity to teach school going children foods which are considered c ulturally acceptable (Fieldhouse, 2003). Children get to understand what is considered as food and what is regarded as non-food. In essence, family meal times provide family members with the opportunity teach children the various healthy food choices available to them cost effectively. Care givers teach and encourage children to take health food choices and behaviors through modeling. Child...

The Character of Phaedra - Literature Essay Samples

In the play Hippolytus, Euripides depicts characters in a realistic fashion by displaying their warring emotions in the wake of dramatic events, as well as their deceit in achieving their objectives. A prime example of such tactics is the character Phaedra, who is content to suffer until death due to the shame of her forbidden desires for her stepson. However, when the nurse unveils her secret, Phaedra devises a scheme to ruin his reputation to save her own. Up to the creation of the letter for the stepson’s downfall, Euripides has the audience sympathize with Phaedra, leading us to understand her grieving over her love-stricken heart. At first, Phaedra yearns for the same nature and hunt that she knows Hippolytus is partaking in, largely because of the common desire to be near the person that one loves. Phaedra then becomes more conscious of her rapture and is consumed by shame for wanting Hippolytus. Afterward, the audience is allowed to watch her go back and forth regarding the question of whether her sinful desires are results of the sins of the women in her family or are prompted by the Goddess Cypris. Lastly, Phaedra uses deceit to protect her reputation from being tarnished after she dies. Therefore, Euripides uses natural characteristics of humans uncontrollable desire, shame, the need to find explanations, and the survival of one’s good reputation to make Phaedra a dynamic character and to invoke sympathy in the audience for Phaedra. In the opening act of Hippolytus, Hippolytus is hunting â€Å"wild beasts with his fleet hounds† (31) and honoring the Goddess Artemis with a â€Å"†¦woven wreath, culled from a virgin meadow†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (32). Immediately following this scene, the audience observes Phaedra pining for a similar meadow, place among pine trees â€Å"†¦where hounds pursue the prey, hard on the scent of dappled fawns†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and to also â€Å"†¦hark them on, to grasp the barbed dart, to poise Thessalian hunting-spears close to [her] golden hair, then let them fly†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (34). Phaedra’s eagerness to be at such a place and partake in the same hunt that Hippolytus does is an indication that she wants to be near and interact with Hippolytus due to her desire for him. Euripides introduces this natural yearning as her first depiction of love for him most likely because it is the easiest symptom of love that many can identify with themselves. In turn, this causes t he audience to see themselves in Phaedra and feel as if this could have easily been one of them struck by Aphrodite’s power and uncontrollably in love with someone they shouldn’t. As Phaedra comes to her senses and realizes her infatuation has been dictating her thoughts, she is filled with shame multiple times; she says, â€Å"†¦the tire on my head is too heavy to wear†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (34) and â€Å"Shame fills me for the words I have spoken. Hide me then; from my eyes the tear-drops stream, and for very shame I turn them away† (35). Due to her disgust with her desires, Phaedra becomes a figure of pity; she knows her love for her stepson is wrong and would rather suffer and shame herself than act upon it. This strong quality of choosing death over forbidden love makes Phaedra admirable to the audience. In response to her unjust fate in the universe, Phaedra begins to imagine why she may have possibly deserved such an end. She explores different angles of her reasoning, and the audience sympathizes with trying to understand why something bad might happen to someone, accessing the thoroughly human instinct to find an origin for unexplained tragedies. Phaedra contemplates that it is because of her mother’s â€Å"love for the bull† (37) which cursed her sister and made her become â€Å"the third to suffer† (37). This â€Å"curse from time long past† (37) is not the only reason she thinks may have caused her fate. Phaedra also blames Goddess Cypris when she says that she has gone â€Å"Mad! Mad! Stricken by some demon’s curse!† (35) and asks Aphrodite, â€Å"How can these [sinners]†¦e’er look their husbands in the face? do they never feel one guilty thrill that their accomplice, night, or the chambers of their house will find a voic e and speak?† (38). With these lines, Euripides gives the audience the dilemma of choosing whether it is truly due to Aphrodite or the sins of Phaedra’s mother. After Phaedra mentions the possible chance of the chambers of a woman’s home finding a voice and speaking of sinful affairs, the worst possible alternative befalls Phaedra when the nurse tells Hippolytus of his stepmother’s desires. After hearing Hippolytus’ harsh reply, the audience feels pity for Phaedra because she has not acted on her passion and had resigned herself to death before being unfaithful; however, she will soon endure a tarnished reputation because of her servant’s lack of honesty. Therefore, when Phaedra commits suicide and ruins her stepson’s reputation with a letter that â€Å"loudly tells a hideous tale† (46) to save her own, the audience does not condemn her for her desperate actions though they are not excusable either. In demonstrating the natural characteristics of humans, especially when it comes to love and the survival of their reputation, Euripides creates a character who is changes in reaction to her fate. Though Phaedra performs a harrowing deed, the audience still sympathizes with her uncontrollable desire, shame, and quest to find reason between man or the Gods for her fate. We can understand, at least, her desperate need to protect her reputation. Works Cited Euripides. The Trojan Women and Hippolytus. Trans. Edward P. Coleridge. Mineola: Dover Publications, 2002. Print.

Of Fog and War A Comparative Analysis of Two Japanese...

Of Fog and War: A Comparative Analysis of Two Japanese Bombing Attacks on the United States during WWII Warfare, unfortunately, is an essential part of mankind. It has been witnessed since time immemorial. What is comforting to know, however, is that it does not always end with blood baths, or similar devastation. Sometimes warfare ends with two enemy forces forgiving one another. This happened years after the Lookout Air Raids, when the Japanese bomber who carried out a series of bombings over the Siskiyou Mountains in Oregon, returned there years afterwards to apologize. During the early stages of World War Two, the Japanese engaged in warfare with the United States numerous times. Two of these engagements had many similarities†¦show more content†¦It was a blessing in disguise for the Japanese, because they unknowingly avoided interception from the American Warhawk Fighters on that cloudy night. The series of circumstances seemed favorable for the two Japanese flyin g boats, except the fog of war was relentless: The air raids commander, Lt. Hashizume, radioed his wingman to make an unexpected left turn around the island to attack its northern side. The wingman, whose name was Sasao, did not hear the message, and flew to the southern coast of Oahu, instead (Op. K n.pag.). Although both pilots realized they lost one another, they bombed Hawaii on their own volition. As the American P-40 Warhawks unsuccessfully searched for the bombers within the obsidian blankets of night clouds, Lt. Hashizume loomed skyward over Honolulu at 15,000 ft., and prepared to drop his bombs. He could barely see a thing since Hawaii was in the midst of a blackout for reasons of war. Hashizume released four bombs anyway, and they all fell off the target of Honolulu and landed on Tantalus Peak, an extinct volcano. The bombs did land near Roosevelt High School, shattering some of its windows. Lt. Sasao could not locate his bombing target in the cloudy night, and trie d to bomb a lighthouse he managed to see. His bombs fell into the Pacific, causing no damage. Both pilots flew to safety, and returned 6 days later to attack again. This time Hashizume was shot down by an American fighter jet. U.S. militia had

The Struggle For African American Liberation - 1242 Words

In the early 1960s, when both men entered the struggle for African American liberation, it were the factors that set them apart that shaped both their outlook and the way they contributed to fight for Black empowerment. While Malcolm rose to fame by means of fierce attacks on Whites, Carmichael participated in non-violent workshops to prepare himself for his participation in the Freedom Rides. The first time Stokely encountered Malcolm X in person was during an event at Howard University in 1961, where Malcolm and Bayard Rustin discussed their diverging ideas on the nature and the objectives of African American liberation. Though Carmichael, who like many other students was excited to hear Malcolm speak at the event, thought that Bayard†¦show more content†¦Only by understanding the interconnected character of these worldwide struggles and by cooperating with non-White people around the globe, he suggested, could Blacks in the United States improve their situation. Instead o f relying on the empty promises of the Democratic Party and hoping that the rights they had all along would eventually be respected and protected by the government, African Americans should broaden their perspective and demand their human rights. These God-given rights would not depend on the fleeting goodwill of White people at home but could be pursued/claimed before a world court. While Malcolm chastised the United States Government for not being willing to guarantee and protect the rights of African Americans in his speech â€Å"Ballot or the Bullet,† once the Civil Rights Act of 1964 became a reality, he petitioned the delegates of the United Nations not to accept the legislation at face value. Pointing to the long-existing Brown decree that had hardly been enforced over the last ten years, Malcolm’s memorandum narrated some of the more recent hate crimes to illustrate that for many African Americans, as well as African visitors or residents, racism in the Unite d States was rampant and often deadly. While Malcolm was in the processShow MoreRelatedRacial Leadership And The African American Political Thought From B Du Bois1260 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States we have had different views of racial leadership in Afro American political thought from W.E.B Du Bois to Booker T. Washington to Marcus Garvey who sought to lead African-Americans from the oppression they face. All three of these historical figures had different views on racial leadership and politics as well as the vision and direction that racial emancipation should take. W.E.B Du Bois argued that African-Americans should political, economic, and social freedom and advancement. BookerRead MoreAwa Thiams Arguement Against the Statement â€Å"Rape is to Women what Lynching is to Blacks†1708 Words   |  7 PagesAwa Thiam speaks on the topic of the daughters of black Africa trying to find themselves. She also states the comparison of the black women struggle with the Europe an women. Thiam is arguing the point that the European feminist imposed the false argument â€Å"Rape is to women what lynching is to Blacks† (Thiam 114). Women in the text suffered from double domination and double enslavement by the colonial phallocratic. Thiam explains the false consciousness of the black women as well. The goal for theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Am By Assata Shakur960 Words   |  4 PagesThrough her struggles, Shakur educates her audience, this is written on a blog but spoken out loud at the time, on how there is racial bias and injustice. By applying a wide range of rhetorical devices, Shakur uses her position as a Black Liberation Army leader to motivate African Americans to fight for the Black Power Movement. As Shakur begins her speech, she introduces pathos into her writing. By addressing her audience as â€Å"brothers† and â€Å"sisters†, Shakur sees every African American as a familyRead MoreThe Foundations Of Racial Capitalism, Imperialism And Colonialism Essay1468 Words   |  6 Pagescolonialism have significantly shaped the existence of African people, and those of the diaspora. As a result of these institutions, the history and implementation of slavery and colonialism have had lasting effects that are essential to the current position of Black folk in Africa and the diaspora; altering the way we view ourselves, our country and the world. Throughout different moments in history, Black folk have equated freedom and liberation with equality, justice, and the right to live as youRead MoreThe African American Struggle for Civil Rights in the 1960s760 Words   |  3 Pagesthe African American struggle for civil rights in the United States change between the early an d late 1960s? The civil rights movement was an influential movement that has been taking place in America for many years. Victories during this time helped to raise hope for African Americans during this influential movement. In the beginning of the movement there was a focus on nonviolence, and the non-violent techniques began to pay off in the early 1960s. As the time progressed the struggle forRead More Emory Douglas: All Power to the People1059 Words   |  5 PagesGun-slinging, militant-looking, irate adolescent African American men, women, and children: an incessant image employed by the revolutionary artist Emory Douglas. Douglas is perhaps one of the most iconic artists’ of the 20th century and has created thousands of influential protest images that remain unforgettable to this day. Through the use of compelling images Emory Douglas aided in defining the distinct visual aesthetic of the Black Panther Party’s newspapers, pamphlets, and posters. It wasRead MoreLesbian Ide ntity Politics and Associated Organizations Essay936 Words   |  4 Pagespart of social reform in the Sixties and Seventies. Yet, the advent of identity politic reform originates in the Fifties, a decade that saw the African-American Civil Rights Movement start to gain momentum. On the heels of the Civil Rights movement, we also see the Women’s Liberation Movement begin to gain steam, shortly thereafter followed by the Gay Liberation Movement. And as an offshoot of these reform movements, we observe the dawn of lesbian identity politics – a movement very much its own amongstRead More The Crusade for Equal Rights in the United States Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pages The struggle for equal rights has been an ongoing issue in the United States. For most of the twentieth century Americans worked toward equality. Through demonstrations, protests, riots, and parades citizens have made demands and voiced their concerns for equal rights. For the first time minority groups were banding together to achieve the American dream of liberty and justice for all. Whether it was equality for women, politics, minorities, or the economy the battle was usually well worth theRead More Lorraine Hansberry Essay555 Words   |  3 Pagesas Best Play of the Year. She was the youngest American, the fifth woman and the first black to win the award. Her success opened the floodgates for a generation of modern black actors and writers who were influenced and encouraged by her writing. Hansberry was born in 1930, the youngest of four children of Carl and Nannie Hansberry, a respected and successful black family in Chicago, Illinois. Nannie was the college educated daughter of an African Methodist Episcopal minister, and Carl was a successfulRead MoreCross Cultural Psychology - A Case Study On Marcus Garvey Essay1488 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology – A Case Study on Marcus Garvey Introduction to African History Black people in the Western Hemisphere have in the past lacked the ability to represent their tales to their own selves, from their point of view in museums. The fact that African Universities, such as 14th century Djenne University of Timbuktu, had numerous volumes of manuscripts and books, the black kids in the Western Hemisphere were under the impression that Africans written history didn’t exist therefore Europeans’ wrote

Society Refers To Certain Childhoods As “Dickensian,” As

Society refers to certain childhoods as â€Å"Dickensian,† as growing up in underprivileged and hopeless civilizations. In Charles Dickens novel, Great Expectations, depicts a bildungsroman named Pip who experiences the hopeless and uncertain life that he is born upon. Pip is faced with hardships due to his punitive childhood. Starting as an orphan and later becoming a gentleman, Pip was able to overcome his childhood obstacles to become a dynamic character in the novel. In the opening chapters of Great Expectations, Dickens portrays the harsh lifestyle and economic struggle of Pip seen as an orphan growing up with his sister and her husband. The early stages of Pips life are seen with no stable family or no close friends. Having no mother or†¦show more content†¦As a child growing up with no family structure, Pip learns from what he sees and the social structure around him. From the early stages of his life, he sees the social classes of both Mrs. Joe compared to Miss Havisham who are polar opposites. Pip can see that the lavish life that Miss Havisham and her daughter Estella has is something Pip sets his eyes on. As seen in chapter nine of Great Expectations, Pip realizes that Estella may consider Pip as poor and unworthy. Pip explains, â€Å"I thought long after I laid me down, how common Estella would consider Joe, a blacksmith†¦but were far above the level of such common doings,† illustrating how Pip feels that Joe and his family are not up to Estella’s standards (Dickens 72). Pip feels out of place and looks down on his family’s upbringing. Even though Joe is a close friend of Pip, Pip sees that Mr. Joe is reflecting poorly on the life that Pip is living. Children often see other friend’s lives and are jealous of their upbringing making them ashamed of how their family lives. Society and social class can corrupt children’s minds and in this example, Pip is being torn between a lavish life and a humiliating life. Pip is ashamed of his social class and wants to live through Miss Havisham and Estella. Pip recognizes that having this money that is bestowed upon him, Pip could finally be able to prove to Estella that he is the worthy gentleman. What Pip does not understand is that the money is playing tricks with his mindShow MoreRelated Child Characters in Great Expectations Essay1718 Words   |  7 Pagesthe childhood of, Pip, the main character of the novel.   In these beginning chapters Dickens paints an extremely vivid picture of childhood.   The reader is able to enter Pips mind and see the world through the eyes of a child.   This is possible because Dickens understood the thoughts and feelings of children and applied this to Pips every thought and action when he wrote the novel.   Dickens had an obvious gift for creating child characters in his works.   The word pip itself refers to aRead MoreTime Burton ´s Gothic Fantasy: Representing the Victorian Culture through Animation and Parody2590 Words   |  11 PagesFilm adaptations based on particular works such as Dickens’s Great Expectations are not the only means through which we get a glimpse of Victorian culture and society. Animated films such as Tim Burton’s Corpse Bride (2005) represent the Victorian era through humor and exaggeration and reveal Burton’s awareness of 19th century English society. In his study Gothic Fantasy: The Films of Tim Burton, Edwin Page argues that Burton’s films are not realistic in nature, but like fairy tales they communicate

Secret Intelligence Service and National Security free essay sample

The revolution in military affairs has given rise to powerful strategic tools such as effects based operations (EBO), mirrored by the concept of intelligence-led policing in law enforcement. Some advocates of intelligence change argue that the role of intelligence be expanded to provide the analytical power-house for ‘whole of government’ decision-making in relation not just to traditional threats, but also to this new range of threats—a kind of EBO for the whole of government. This article argues for a more limited view of intelligence and its role—one that recognises the inherently human, and hence secretive, quality of intelligence as a means for dealing with human-generated competition. A nation’s intelligence apparatus is only one small part of the wider machinery for delivering policy and executive action. Traditionally, the role of intelligence within this wider structure was to counter threat from some kind of human collective opposition—whether a country, a crime group or a terrorist organisation. Intelligence was regarded as a highly specific undertaking to give advantage over that threat in the form of knowledge, insight and predictive capacity. According to this model, advantage was sought over a human threat capable of learning and adapting. Intelligence therefore needed to be secret to deliver an advantage. To protect the ‘intelligence advantage’, countries also developed counter-intelligence organizations such as the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) and MI5 and encoding and decoding organizations such as the US National Security Agency and the Australian Defence Signals Directorate. Today there is broad consensus that the threats we confront have expanded beyond the typical military or counter-intelligence threats of the past, especially those of the Cold War. This expanded range of threat falls into a major category and two sub-categories. The major category can be termed ‘non-conventional’ threats, ones that do not fall into the state-on-state category. They include environmental threats, threats of pandemic disease, terrorism and transnational crime. Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007) 55 Security Challenges This broad category of non-conventional threat can be further divided between those threats of a human agency (terrorism, crime, people smuggling and trafficking) and those of a non-human agency (climate change and other types of environmental threat, natural disasters, pandemic disease). These two sub-categories are, however, closely linked, as demonstrated by Thomas Homer-Dixon and others. 1 They are linked in two ways. First, they are linked in the sense that so-called non-human agency threats such as climate change can give rise to instability. Instability can in turn give rise to many of the human generated conventional and non-conventional threats mentioned above. Second, threats like climate change are also linked with human agency in that they are often caused by human intervention. Changes in human behaviour are therefore necessary to remedy such threats. Even though these two sub-categories of threat are linked, they give rise to very different implications for the role of intelligence. On the one hand, the role of intelligence in countering human-related, nonconventional threat is relatively clear-cut and traditional. It includes counterterrorism, police intelligence, customs intelligence, coast watch intelligence and so on. All of these intelligence activities are characterised by the fact that they involve secret information that would be compromised if it were to leak out, and through its compromise would give the opposition (or threat) an intelligence advantage, or sacrifice the advantage enjoyed by the state. On the other hand, the non-conventional threats such as climate change, natural disasters or pandemic disease, entail no such secret, tightly held intelligence response. On the contrary, to counter such threats, especially in a liberal democracy like Australia, governments need to engage in a public dialogue with experts on the threat, whether those experts are scientists, journalists, medical or other experts operating in the public domain. This dialogue has to be public because the public needs to be taken along with the broad strategic changes required to deal with this type of threat. It also needs to be public and transparent because the scientific method is evidence based and depends on the capacity for peer review. Moreover, it is often difficult to achieve major changes in attitude to such threats in liberal democracies unless there is some kind of ‘tipping point’, either in terms of the concrete effects of the threat (catastrophic drought, for example, in the case of climate change) or public consensus on the science, or both. The concept of threat needs to be actualised right through the 1 Thomas Homer-Dixon and Jessica Blitt (eds), Ecoviolence: Links Among Environment, Population and Security, Lanham, MD, Bowman and Littlefield, 1998, ‘Introduction: A Theoretical Overview’. 56 Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007) Security Challenges community before radical behavioural change can occur. This is because the political system of liberal democracies is usually geared to the short-term advantage of governments according to the political cycle rather than the long-term advantage of the nation. In order to move beyond populist politics, the whole community needs to be aware of the circumstances and prepared to make sacrifices to deal with the threat. Indeed, it is well known by intelligence specialists that long-term assessments, while they may eventually prove accurate, are almost never acted upon by policy. For example, nearly twenty-five years ago a leading Australian intelligence assessment agency employed a scientist—the only person in the organization working on scientific issues at that time. The scientist predicted that overpopulation, scarcity of water and climate change would result in vast changes for the worse in the Middle East, South East Asia and South Asia, forcing major, economically induced out-migration. Such events, he assessed, would eventually challenge Australia’s security. Today such an assessment would be commonplace. But at the time, no action was taken. Although the mandate of the organization was to predict long-term change, the political system was not equipped to deal with uncertain judgements about what was then considered the ‘deep future’. Nor could a secret intelligence report enable governments to deal with such predictions through debate in the public domain. Further, since threats like climate change constitute threats to the ‘global commons’, by definition they can only be addressed by global cooperation rather than competition. A ‘beggar your neighbour’ approach will only lead the globe deeper into trouble. The implications for intelligence are significant. In terms of threats like climate change, pandemic disease and catastrophic economic change, intelligence ceases to concern itself with achieving an advantage over an enemy or competitor. So the question therefore arises: are secret intelligence agencies appropriate organizations to advise on such threats? Despite the intrinsic problems associated with the use of intelligence to analyse threats of this nature, increasingly, intelligence agencies are being coopted to advise on them. For example, we learn from the Sydney Morning Herald of 10 April 2007 that the Office of National Assessments (ONA) has been commissioned by the government to determine the security implications of climate change. We further learn from the ABC news on 23 May 2006, which describes the ONA Director General being quizzed by the Senate Estimates Committee, that ONA has received multiple taskings of this nature. But the public are prevented from accessing the outcome on the grounds that the ONA is an intelligence organization operating in the secret realm. Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007) 57 Security Challenges True, the ONA is being asked to look at the security implications. But to do so, it would need to make a sound assessment of the nature and extent of climate change. No doubt the ONA now has a few scientifically trained people working on this and similar issues. But no doubt also, it will be locked in earnest consultation with the Commonwealth Science and Research Organisation (CSIRO), the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (ABARE) and similar agencies and institutions. And it will also be carefully perusing the reports of the International Panel on Climate Change. In other words, ONA is not, in itself, able to report on this issue. Its role is, rather, to organize, validate and valorize all the noise out in the public domain concerning the issue. The same evidently applies in the US. According to Anne Harrington, Director of the Committee of International Security in the National Academy of Science in Washington, If you get the intelligence community to apply some of its analytical capabilities to this issue [climate change], it could be compelling to whoever 2 is sitting in the White House. But why should the Central Intelligence Agency suddenly have authority on this issue when the world’s leading scientific specialists, who have spent lifetimes working on the issue, have been studiously ignored—and some even silenced—by the White House for the past seven years? All this leads us to ask what, exactly, should be the role of intelligence in the so-called ‘new security environment’? And how should intelligence fit in with other government structures to provide an analytical capacity in these areas? Intelligence and Its Purposes The narrower view of intelligence agencies suggested above—that is, organizations that deal fundamentally with human competition and therefore by nature exist in the secret domain—has not so far been widely accepted. The advent of non-conventional threat has generated considerable discussion in the ranks of those advocating intelligence reform. Various commentators have called for a broadening of the informational base of the traditionally tightly held intelligence agencies and a more ‘whole-ofgovernment’ approach. However, very little of this discussion has drawn the distinction between human-induced and non-human induced threat in relation to the role of intelligence. Nor has it distinguished between longterm threat to society and the ‘global commons’ caused by environmental issues and short-term threat generated by problems such as transnational crime and terrorism. 2 Tom Allard, Mark Forbes and agencies, ‘US braces for global warring’, Sydney Morning Herald, 10 April 2007. 58 Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007) Security Challenges That is not to say that reform is not necessary, but rather that we need to be very clear what role intelligence should play in dealing with such threats and also where it should fit in to the wider ‘machinery of government’. Nor is it to claim that intelligence has no role at all in these matters: one very important role is to assess the security implications of issues like climate change, in order to prepare the state to meet those potential threats. Such a position does not imply, moreover, that some broader reform of the machinery of government would not be advantageous. But in deciding on the nature of that reform, we need to ensure that the tail of intelligence reform does not wag the dog of machinery of government reform. Nor is it to say that a discussion of intelligence reform should be considered in isolation from a discussion of wider issues to do with the machinery of government. Intelligence obviously has to be fitted in with the machinery of government, and how it fits in is important. Rogers correctly argues that the â€Å"practice of strategic intelligence is at its best when it is in counterpoise with strategic thinking [on the part of decision-makers and policy makers]†. 3 It follows that correct structure in the machinery of government should facilitate the connectivity between intelligence and policy on the one hand, and the consequent practice of strategic thinking in policy development on the other. But the problem here is that those involved with structuring intelligence do not necessarily have a say in the structuring of the machinery of government. And in any case, in a liberal democratic, federal structure such as Australia’s, a considerable proportion of government process is dictated by relatively immutable conventions and constitutions. We should also note that this issue of where intelligence sits in organisational structures is relevant both within a particular organization that uses intelligence, and also within the wider structures of state as supported by intelligence. In one case intelligence is embedded within the agency, in the other, it is embedded within the machinery of government. These two types and uses of intelligence may require very different structural approaches. In the case of the latter (intelligence agencies embedded in the machinery of government) it is the role of intelligence agencies to draw intelligence up and enable it effectively to be used in national policy-making. The structures used to ‘draw intelligence up’ are entirely proper considerations of a paper such as this on intelligence. This issue of the drawing up of intelligence covers the question of how a peak agency such as the ONA can best garner the wide range of intelligence that is required in today’s expanded threat environment. This expanded 3 Kevin Rogers ‘Developments in Australian Strategic Criminal Intelligence’ in Ratcliffe (ed) Strategic Thinking in Criminal Intelligence (Sydney: The Federation Press, 2004), p23. Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007) 59 Security Challenges environment requires that the entire range of agencies producing intelligence be included—agencies such as the Australian Federal Police (AFP), Customs, Immigration, Coastwatch, Quarantine and the Australian Crime Commission (ACC). Structures to support this expanded role were discussed in an earlier paper by this author. But (alluding to the issues raised above), the expanded role for intelligence does not—or rather should not—include agencies such as the CSIRO, ABARE, the Productivity Commission, Geosciences Australia, the Department of Health, and so on. Unfortunately, this distinction is not always recognised or agreed in discussions about intelligence reform. For example, some have begun to questio n whether concepts like effects based operations (EBO), which in turn have been spawned by the new intelligence environment and new technologies, cannot be applied in a ‘whole-of-government’ way. According to this view, the three-way relationship between intelligence, policy and operations could be seen to apply across the spectrum of government decision-making, thus incorporating all departments of state and agencies in an endeavour to achieve a strategic outcome. Although such a project would be ambitious, ‘whole-of-government’ possibly can and should be made to function in a strategic sense. But it should be recognised that intelligence is not central to the process in the same way as it is central to EBO in a military setting or to intelligence-led policing in law enforcement. Indeed, in the author’s view, intelligence is a highly specific function to do with human competition and human enemies. It is not only inappropriate for wider use, but such use could be positively harmful in terms of the needed outcomes in government decision making in a democratic setting. Certainly, good strategic intelligence should be suggestive of courses of action, but only suggestive in the sense that the knowledge brought forward is suggestive. Intelligence can also comment on implications of actions when specifically asked to do so, but should not go the extra step of recommending options. It is not the role of intelligence to present analytical options to decision-makers in the same way as that is the role of a department of state or ministerial staff. The temptation to use intelligence agencies to support a strategic, ‘whole-ofgovernment’ approach is quite strong, however. Traditionally, intelligence agencies have been very close to the seat of power. Indeed, they were born Sandy Gordon, ‘Re-Shaping Australian Intelligence’, Security Challenges, vol. 1, no. 1 (November 2005), pp. 27-58. Brice Pacey, ‘National Effects-Based Approach: A Policy Discussion Paper’, Working Paper, no. 381, Canberra, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, 2003, passim. Pacey is not, however, arguing for a central role for intelligence in this enterprise. . 4 60 Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007) Security Challenges of a one-to-one relationship, in which the intelligence chief sat at the leader’s right hand. This was both to provide immediacy and preserve secrecy. The idea of a separation between intelligence and policy is a relatively recent one. The only separation that was once required was that between master and servant. The temptation to use intelligence agencies as analytical determinants of policy is even stronger in situations where there is no real alternative to the analytical powerhouses that some intelligence agencies can bring to bear. Moreover, governments that use intelligence agencies to consider politically sensitive issues like climate change have the added advantage of keeping such consideration outside the public domain and the scrutiny of oppositions. This is because once a matter is within the purview of intelligence, governments can claim they can ‘neither confirm or deny’ questions in respect of them. But as argued above, this is essentially a misuse of intelligence. Intelligence in National Strategic Decision-Making At the moment in Australia, national intelligence exists within a relatively tight framework of the Australian Intelligence Community (AIC), oversighted by a small and powerful group of departments and ministers, particularly Prime Minister and Cabinet (PMC), Defence, Foreign Affairs and AttorneyGeneral’s Department. This tight structure is reinforced by the restricted membership of the National Security Committee of Cabinet (NSCC) and the Secretaries’ Committee on National Security (SCONS), which proffers advice to the NSCC. It is a structure that in its essence was bequeathed by the Cold War, with minor modifications as a result of the Flood Report and other developments. As such, it was designed to deal with state-on-state threat and the threat of spying and political violence rather than the broader range of threats we now confront. Such a tight structure has both advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are that the intelligence agencies of the AIC are well plugged in to the Canberra policy environment and have a nuanced appreciation of what the government wants to know. Equally, this tight structure allows for rapid, consensus decision-making when needed. Further, the agencies of the AIC, particularly the ONA, represent a collection of individuals capable of high-level strategic thinking. The disadvantages of such a tight system are well known. The 9/11 Commission and Butler report chronicled the distortion of the intelligence process to serve particular policy needs, or at least perceived needs. Given the tight inter-relationship between the government, key departments and intelligence agencies in Australia, such distortions are also possible here. Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007) 61 Security Challenges The Butler committee report also emphasised the dangers of a filtration system such as the UK Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) standing between the judgements of experts and policy-making bodies. Some of the worst errors evident in the so-called ‘Dirty Dossier’ arose because the expertise in the Defence Intelligence Staff was filtered out or distorted, either as a result of a classic ‘broken telephone’ situation or through pre-judging the policy bias on the part of the JIC. In Australia, the system would be equally vulnerable should the findings of organizations like ABARE and the CSIRO be filtered through a small, nonexpert (in the disciplines involved) organization like the ONA. How suitable is the present Australian structure in light of the changes to the regional, global and technological environments? Before considering this important issue, let us consider the needs of a system designed effectively to operate in the new environment. x As discussed above, such a system would need to delineate a specific role for intelligence, one that relates to human-on-human competition, and that in turn necessitates a secret approach to intelligence. Such a system would also need to be capable of melding the intelligence product with product from other agencies working on issues that do not require secret intelligence and with other open sources. It would need to be flexible. That is, it would need the capacity to draw to a greater or lesser degree on a ‘whole-of-government’ approach for supporting information and judgment, depending on the urgency and nature of the threat and degree of secrecy needed. In other words, it would need to have the administrative means to ‘slide up and down the scale’ between a narrow, decision-making capacity at the top and a broad consensus model below, one that included information and analysis from a range of agencies, not only intelligence agencies but also economic and scientific agencies. In some instances, it would need to shape decisions for the longerterm. Yet it would also need to be capable of making adjustments in light of the evolving evidence. Such decisions would need to be maintained well outside the life span of a typical Australian Government. At times it would need to draw in two, or perhaps even three, levels of government, as already evident in the case of terrorism and pandemic threats such as SARS and ‘Bird Flu’. It would need to be well connected internationally in order to draw on available information and assessment. x x x x 62 Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007) Security Challenges x Above all, it would need a powerful apex analytical and organisational capacity containing a range of expertise in order to bring together diverse lines of information, identify real problems, set priorities between them and devise viable strategies to deal with those priorities. This role should not be undertaken by existing intelligence agencies, because their role should be confined to the analysis and dissemination of intelligence. To use them in the dual role of policy advice and intelligence analysis and dissemination would be unduly to compromise the intelligence role. How well does the present system meet the needs outlined above? In some respects, quite well. It basically consists of a tight core capable of being expanded to meet a broadening of threat, with the NSCC providing a sort of ‘inner cabinet’, surrounded by a tight supportive framework consisting of key departments, SCONS and the AIC. It is a highly functional arrangement for an environment requiring a high degree of secrecy and relatively rapid decision-making. Where the nature of threat broadens, for example in the case of climate change, the current system is capable of rapid expansion. Members of Cabinet, such as the environment minister, can be brought into the NSCC where necessary. The AFP Commissioner, CEO of Customs and others can also be inducted into the SCONS when necessary. Within PMC, the National Security Division (established in 2003) provides a potential analytical unit that is not confined to intelligence, but that can range over the available government and non-government agencies, given its location on the ‘commanding heights’ of PMC. The present system falls down in a number of respects, however. It is deficient in that certain information deemed intelligence in the narrower sense outlined above is still not fully drawn into the AIC information network and database (AICNET). Nor are the organizations generating this intelligence (such as the AFP, Customs and the ACC) included in the tight deliberative network at the apex of government decision-making, at least not on a day-today basis. These exclusions cause a deficit in knowledge and a nalysis of non-conventional, but human-induced, threat. This deficit was discussed in greater detail in an earlier paper. 6 6 Gordon, op cit. At the time of final preparation of this paper, the government has announced a new system of combining the databases of Customs, Immigration and ASIO. One might well ask why this is only being done now, six years after the events of 9/11? Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007) 63 Security Challenges x It is not capable of adopting strategic thinking across all levels of government in the federal structure—the so-called ‘EBO of governance’. Because of the requirements of the liberal democratic federal structure, however, this problem may not be amenable to an entirely satisfactory solution. Even given the restraints imposed by our political system, there is inadequate capacity at the top to analyse, identify and give priority order to threat. Although the National Security Division of PMC seems to be set up to undertake this role, according to Pacey, the division is still limited by coordination roles and the need to deal with immediate crises rather than provide long-term analysis. 7 In counter-terrorism, for example, the role of PMC is to provide a multi-government and multi-disciplinary platform. One suspects that this demanding role diminishes its capacity to deliver long-term policy advice. In the absence of an appropriate analytical unit outside the confines of intelligence, there currently seems to be a growing de facto move to recruit the ONA for this top-level analytical role, as discussed above. But, as also argued above, the ‘heavy lifting’ on matters like climate change should not be conducted by a secret intelligence organization at all, but through transparent, evidence-based techniques that are well tried and understood in scientific organizations. Moreover, to place an organization like the ONA at the apex of the policy advice structure is, at least in a de facto sense, to bring it directly into the policy-making apparatus—hitherto considered anathema for an intelligence organization. x x Therefore, if we accept the more limited role for intelligence advocated in this paper, we are left with a potential deficit in terms of an apex analytical unit— the intellectual powerhouse of ‘EBO of governance’. The main candidate for fulfilling such a role seems to be the National Security Division of PMC. And in fact, more and more of the capacity relating to security in areas requiring a multi-disciplinary approach is now located in PMC. This includes terrorism, energy security, pandemic disease, nuclear energy and intelligence. Conclusion and Issues for the Next Government In light of the profound changes in the security environment we have witnessed in recent years, those responsible for shaping the way governments will deal with long-term structural change confront a choice. 7 Pacey, op. cit. , p. 5. 64 Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007) Security Challenges On the one hand, they can advocate an expansion of the role of intelligence to cover the broader nature of the threat we now confront. In a de facto sense, the current arrangement seems to be drifting toward this kind of arrangement. On the other, they can continue to regard intelligence as an essentially secret function designed to give advantage and deny advantage in terms of human competition, whether of the state-on-state variety or threats from criminal and terrorist groups. In this paper we have argued the latter position. We have done so because of concerns about the nature of intelligence and how it differs from policy analysis, the nature of scientific inquiry and the democratic need for debate and consensus. We have further argued that, while it may be possible to achieve something close to a strategic process on a ‘whole-of-government’ basis, such a process cannot be driven by intelligence; and nor is it correctly placed within a discussion of intelligence and its role. We are of the view that additional analytical capacity required to support ‘EBO of governance’ should exist in the form of an expanded staff specifically advising the NSCC. While the National Security Division of PMC would seem to be the logical candidate for such a role, several changes would be needed to provide the kind of analytical capacity described above. Ideally, a unit of this nature should be administratively removed from the day-to-day, short-term contingencies and coordination functions normally undertaken by a division of PMC. That is not to say that the unit should be entirely administratively removed from PMC. But it might be a statutory body linked in a similar way to the ONA. Or it might be more directly associated with the Cabinet Division. Further, the unit would require an expanded ability to provide advice on a ‘holistic’ basis, with a range of expertise covering scientific, health, intelligence, economic and defence issues. Already the germ of such a capability is contained within National Security Division. The existence of such a support unit would act as a buffer between the Cabinet and intelligence agencies and ensure that the latter continue to function as providers of intelligence rather than strategic advice. It would provide the capacity to meld factual and analytical work from both the intelligence agencies and those agencies outside the AIC, such as the various government scientific and economic agencies and non-government agencies. Its interface with such agencies would be far easier than between intelligence and outside agencies, given the role of intelligence in protecting information from human competition. Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007) 65 Security Challenges In light of this position, the following issues emerge for the next government: x Australia’s national intelligence database should be expanded more fully to incorporate information and intelligence from agencies outside the AIC, such as the AFP, Customs, Coastwatch and the ACC. Details of how this might be accomplished are set out in an earlier paper by this author. 8 Leaving aside the security aspects of issues like climate change, pandemic disease and radical economic change, government should recognise that such issues in themselves are not conducive to analysis and advice from intelligence agencies. Rather, a ‘whole of government’ analytical and strategic capacity should be incorporated into the advice mechanisms serving the NSCC. This unit should incorporate the work of intelligence agencies, but also range far more broadly across government and non-government agencies. It should posses a ‘holistic’ capability— that is, it should include scientific, health and economic professionals as well as national security experts. It should not be constrained by the day-to-day needs of servicing a busy department like PMC. x Sandy Gordon joined the Australian Public Service in 1977, subsequently working in the Office of National Assessments, AusAID and as Executive Director of the Asian Studies Council and Australian Literacy Council. In 1990 he became a Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, where he worked on South Asia and the Indian Ocean. In 1997 he was appointed head of intelligence in the AFP, a position he held until 2000. He then became Co-Chair of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Transnational Crime Working Group and a member of the National Expert Advisory Committee on Illicit Drugs. Between 2003 and 2005, he lectured on terrorism and transnational crime at the Australian Defence Force Academy, University of New South Wales. He is currently Associate Professor, Centre for Transnational Crime Prevention, University of Wollongong. [emailprotected] com. au. 8 Gordon, op. cit. 66 Volume 3 Number 3 (August 2007)

Mountain gorillas Essay Example For Students

Mountain gorillas Essay Half man and half beast. This is what is usually said about the gorilla. They say that the gorilla is related to us. You can find mountain gorillas in the Virunga Volcanoes, which are located on the boundaries of Zaire, Rwanda, and Uganda.The Virungas are 600 miles of tropical rainforest.You’ll find then roaming around 7,800 and 11,000 feet, but at low elevations. The gorillas live in units. Most of the units consist of about 6-12 members in it, most of them being related in some way. With each unit, there is a leader, usually an old silverback, who was a virtual dictator. A silverback male has large canines and he may weigh 400 pounds. He is the one who decides when to proceed, and when to stop, and which direction to go. When he sleeps, everyone else is supposed to be sleeping to, and then he gives a signal to wake up. When the old silverback gets too old, then his eldest son usually is the one to take over. The females are usually responsible for the nursing portion in the unit.Gorillas are peaceful and tolerant by nature. Whenever two groups meet, they either ignore each other, or they give each other a grumpy grunt. Sometimes the two groups would even stay together, and then eventually separate. There are many rumors about gorillas being very violent, but there are no reports about it.There are times when they have little mock fights, but there is never any blood shed in them. Right now there are not too many mountain gorillas you will find in the Virungas. Their population is only in the hundreds. In 1960, there was an estimated 450 gorillas still remaining in two isolated habitats. In a 1981 census, it gave a figure of about 254 gorillas. Right now there is somewhere between 400-450 mountain gorillas that have survived. There are so few of these creatures for many reasons. There are many poachers who kill the gorillas for their head or hands to sell to tourists as a souvenir, or hunter that kill them to have a trophy. With so much of this going on , the rangers of the parks so not think there will be anymore of these gorillas left by the end of the century. There have been a few projects and conservation groups made to save this endangered species. The Washington-based African Wildlife Foundation, started a program in the parks on park security, to prevent as much poaching. The tourist program also developed rapidly. They went from 1,352 paid visitors in 1978 to 5,790 in 1984. With the help of the money from tourism, they were able to start some programs on the conservation of the mountain gorillas. The basic issues of the groups and programs are human population and the way land is used. The future for the gorillas look very bleak. Illegal logging, gold prospecting, and hunting has become more and more popular where the gorillas live. To assure gorillas a future will require a dedication that can not just be done through projects or even years or centuries, but it takes a commitment for the rest of eternity. BIBLIOGRAPHYBaumgartel, Walter. Up Among the Mountain Gorillas. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1976. Fossey, Dian. Gorillas in the Mist. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1983. Patterson, Francine. The Education of Koko. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1981. Schaller, George B. Gorilla: Struggle for Survival in the Virungas. New York: Aperture Book, 1989.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Two Jobs free essay sample

My neighbor Sue lives in a nice house and has two luxurious cars in the driveway. Her overtime hours at work are being eliminated, so the money she is used to making is becoming less. So, Sue must decide whether or not to take on a second job to live the way she is accustomed to. There are numerous advantages and disadvantages in working two jobs. Before deciding on working two jobs, it would be a good idea to consider these positives and negatives. We should consider the benefits in deciding to have two jobs. The main reason for working two jobs is to provide enough income to survive and pay the bills. The additional income might make a difference in paying for a certain quality of life that someone is accustomed to living. In working two jobs, there is an opportunity to improve your skills in different areas. Sometimes the skills learned in the second job can improve the skills for the primary job. We will write a custom essay sample on The Advantages and Disadvantages of Two Jobs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page People may develop entirely different skills from the second job. You may have a competitive edge from working two jobs in the job market because you may have different skills to bring to your new job. You may have better experience than someone else has making you a more desirable candidate. Working two jobs provides more networking opportunities and interacting with more people. This could provide you with additional references and recommendations for future jobs. As a result of working two jobs, people develop stronger time management skills. These skills develop from the demands of different schedules, deadlines, and other elements of each job. Although there are advantages of having two jobs, we must consider the disadvantages too. People who work two jobs commonly become very fatigued. This is particularly true if a person has family responsibilities to take care of in addition to the two jobs. One of the first things people sacrifice when working two jobs is sleep. Sleep deprivation makes it difficult to keep up with a busy working pace. Being constantly tired and fatigued from working many hours will decrease one’s overall productivity. The quality and quantity of work slows down when the body becomes exhausted. If the person’s quality of work suffers at one or both jobs, their superiors may take notice. If the quality and productivity decreases due to fatigue this could put one or both jobs at risk. People who work two jobs often lose focus and motivation if this continues infinitely. The body needs a break from the stress of working two jobs, and if it does not get it, it would most likely get burned out. Once your body gets to the point of exhaustion, you could be open to other health problems. The lack of sleep may increase blood pressure, create headaches, and reduce your immune response. Working two jobs reduces or eliminates important family time. The less time you get with you loved ones, the more important moments and activities you miss. Another result from working two jobs is marital problems. As you are working more hours, you spouse or partner is taking care of the home alone and may become resentful of all the time you are spending at work. Increased pressures and higher level of stress may be another disadvantage of working two jobs. You may also want to consider that you will have two supervisors, two groups of coworkers, and two sets of company policies and procedures to keep up with. When deciding to work that second job, it is important to consider if you really need or want the job and if the negatives will outweigh the benefits. One must also consider the potential problems at home from taking the second job. While the extra money would be appreciated, it may not be worth the potential problems. The best of luck to you as you carefully consider this important decision.

Sample Essay of Summer Vacation

Sample Essay of Summer VacationSample essay of summer vacation can be utilized to write your very own. It is also a good preparation for your college essay which you should prepare and write during the academic year.By taking the initiative to write this essay you will not only be able to show your creativity but you will also be able to show your ability to analyze, consider, and write something which will be useful to your prospective future employers. In fact you might be quite surprised by the number of employers that are currently looking for people who have some sort of experience in writing this type of essay. To truly have a chance of getting hired, this is certainly an advantage!So now that you have a good college essay you should be prepared to submit it to colleges or universities that are looking for students with the ability to write such essays. Now if you are not quite sure where to begin, you may want to take a look at some sample essays of summer vacation that can he lp guide you in your efforts to write such an essay. Some sample essays can be found on the Internet which can be used as references when you begin to write your own essay.You may even be able to write your own essay of summer vacation using other sample essays. This is actually quite possible, as these are often written by various people. You just have to spend a little time looking through the various essays posted on the Internet and start putting your ideas together.If you are unsure about how to start, you may want to take a look at the sample essay of summer vacation which is typically given to the first group of students who take the course. This will provide you with a good base that you can build upon and this may also serve as a reference in case you need to find other samples for your own purposes. You may also want to make a note of the topics which are frequently discussed in most essays.In order to know how to write your essay of summer vacation you will also want to e xamine the sample essay. This should have a set format in which the topics will be addressed. You should be able to easily get started and you should be able to come up with answers that will be considered acceptable by the students.For many students preparing for college entrance exams, they know what questions they will be asked and also know what kinds of answers they will need to provide. However, if you do not yet know what questions you will be asked, then you will want to begin to write a sample essay of summer vacation which will help you to prepare for what kinds of answers you will need to provide. This will enable you to have a base from which you can begin to work from and you will be able to give your own answers which will be considered acceptable.In conclusion, if you are a college student who is trying to determine how to write a sample essay of summer vacation, the easiest way to get started is to look at some samples which can be found on the Internet. This should help you gather materials which you can use to begin to create your very own essay. This is indeed a lot easier than trying to find a book, which would cost you thousands of dollars!

Key Benefits And Challenges Of An Integrated Approach To Working With Children With Additional Needs And Their Families In An Early Years Setting. The WritePass Journal

Key Benefits And Challenges Of An Integrated Approach To Working With Children With Additional Needs And Their Families In An Early Years Setting. Introduction Key Benefits And Challenges Of An Integrated Approach To Working With Children With Additional Needs And Their Families In An Early Years Setting. IntroductionDefining the term ‘Additional needs’Legislative framework.Education and Library BoardsIntegrated approachBenefitsConclusionReferencesRelated Introduction Many families who have children with additional needs often fear sending their children to mainstream schools (Wang 2009). Such parents often fear that their children will not be treated equally in mainstream school, and also worry about how well their specific needs can be met (NCSE 2011). As such they often place them in special settings with low student-pupil ratios and with specialized teaching. However, the effectiveness of special settings has recently been questioned. Placing children with special needs in special settings has been a subject of considerable debate over the past few years (Wall 2011). While the general public view is that special needs students can benefit from individual and small group instruction, there is no compelling evidence to support this claim. In fact, the opposite seems true. According to a study conducted by Casey et al (1998), it was found that special schools with curricula designed specifically for special needs students did not necessarily result in better improvements in children’s cognitive ability or developmental outcomes. A similar study by Bunch Valeo (1997) came to similar conclusions It was claimed that special placement of children with additional needs has not demonstrated substantive advantages over mainstream classes, despite specialized teaching and lower teacher to pupil ratio. More recent researches by Brown et al (2005) and Allen Cowdery (2005) have made similar conclusions. In this regard, this paper examines the key benefits and challenges of an integrated approach to working with children with additional needs and their families in an early years setting. Defining the term ‘Additional needs’ Before exploring further, it is worthwhile to first define the term additional needs. This term is used in reference to certain conditions or circumstances that might lead to children requiring special support (Owens 2009). Children with additional needs are mainly those that have health conditions and needs related to learning and physical development (Roffey 2001). That is, children with additional needs include: those who are physically handicapped, those with developmental delay or intellectual disability, communication disorders and those diagnosed with conditions such as Down syndrome, Autism or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Owens 2009). ‘Inclusion’ Having defined the term ‘additional needs’, it is important to understand the context in which the term ‘inclusion’ is used. As Connor (2006) points out, the concept of inclusion is used to describe placement of children with additional needs in regular settings rather than special facilities. It should be noted that inclusion goes beyond just teaching the child in inclusive classroom settings and includes the quality of the childs experience of school life and association with other peers. Legislative framework. Key legislations governing provision of services to special needs children include the ‘Education (NI) Order 1996’ and the ‘Special Education Needs and Disability (NI) Order 2005’ (DoE 2009). The former outlines the rights and duties of the following in relation to special needs students: schools, parents, Health and Social Services Boards, Education and Library Boards Department of Education It also sets out a Code of Practice and establishes an arrangement for issuing a statement and assessment of these children’s education needs (Porter 2003). The ‘Special Education Needs and Disability (NI) Order 2005’ resulted from amendments made to the first one to include the right of special needs children to mainstream education and introduction of new disability discrimination responsibilities (DoE 2009). Integrated approach In the UK, these children with special needs are integrated into the mainstream schools provided that there is adequate equipment, enough staff and the right resources to ensure that they achieve their full potential ( Heinemann Vickerman 2009). However, it is not mandatory for mainstream schools to enroll children with special needs. Rather, it depends on the ability of the school itself to meet their needs. If the mainstream school setting cannot provide for their needs, the child is placed under the local authority which then seeks to provide solutions (Silberfeld 2009). There is a growing recognition of the benefits of including special needs students in mainstream schools as opposed to remedial settings. Now more than ever, there is an increased emphasis on collaborative model and joint working to ensure that children with special needs are included in mainstream education (Duke Smith 2007). Perhaps this has been driven by the recognition of its benefits and increasing trend in children in need of special attention. The number of children with educational needs in the UK has been on the rise over the past few years. For example, their proportion as a percentage of the total school population increased from 14.6% in 2003 to 17.7% in 2007 (DoE 2009). Benefits There are several benefits for such an integrated approach to working with children with special needs. First, such inclusive programs will help other children to understand them, accept them, appreciate and value their similarities and differences (Sammons et al. 2003). This will enable them to see each person as an individual as opposed to seeing them in terms of their needs. Another benefit to such an integrated approach is the reduction in stigma. There is compelling evidence that shows that placing children with special needs in mainstream schools in the early stages can significantly reduce stigma (Griffin 2008). Inclusion programmes have the potential to facilitate a relationship that can be mutually beneficial for both groups of students. It allows children from both groups to develop awareness and to value their differences, thereby reducing stigmatization and labeling. An integrated approach to learning enhances social integration and reduces stigmatization and prejudice against children with special needs (Griffin 2008). Inclusion also reflects the acceptance of special needs children in the society. The integrated approach makes children with special needs to feel accepted to the society and by their peers and gives them a sense of belonging (Robinson Jones-Diaz 2005). Such inclusive programmes can as well be of benefit to the parents. All that parents want is for their children to live typical lives like other students including being accepted by their friends and peers (Owens 2009). Families’ visions of having their children experience typical life like other regular students can come true (Weston 2010)Furthermore, maintaining an inclusive setting can be more economical than running a special setting (Weston 2010). Additionally, the economic outputs can be greater when special needs students are educated in mainstream schools because of the self-sufficiency skills stressed in such settings (Mitchell 2009). Other benefits to such an integrated approach include: improved academic performance , opportunity to participate in typical experiences of childhood, and gaining confidence to pursue inclusion in other settings such as recreational groups (Jones 2004). Research seems to suggest that special need children perform better when placed together with other peers in the natural setting (Brown et al., 2005). As Allen Cowdery (2005) points out, special need children who receive services such as occupational therapy, language therapy and special education perform even better when provided with these services in the natural settings with their typically developing peers. Challenges While the arguments in favour of integration are valid, it should also be remembered that integration in itself is a two-way process. In most cases, the benefits of integration have been argued from the side of special needs student. What about the other group of students. Arent they going to be affected by the way services are devoted to special needs students? Such an integrated approach raises several key challenges. One particular challenge relates to the issue of fairness. Given their inclusion in mainstream classrooms, how can fairness be determined? What is fair for a typical average student? And what is fair for a special needs student (Swartz 2005)? It is questionable whether the educational needs of these students can be met in mainstream classes especially given that they requires some sort of specialized services and special attention as well. There is a danger that the attention given to the special needs students will affect the quality of services that the regular students receive (Hoccut 1996). Given the developmental delays that most special needs students experience, the other regular students may rate themselves with these students in terms of academic performance which eventually might lead to the decline in their creativity and critical thinking capabilities (Wang 2009). Can this be termed as fair to either group? This r emains a major challenge to such inclusion programmes. Another challenge relates to the aggressive nature of some of these children. Coping with emotionally and behaviourally disturbed children can be particularly challenging for both the students and teachers (Cohen et al 2004). This can be seen with the recent push by some schools for responsible inclusion. Some of these children mental health needs are beyond what the mainstream education can deliver and as such can be disruptive to other students. Schools have become de facto mental health providers for children with special needs yet they were not set up for such purposes (Heinneman Vickerman 2009). Despite these challenges, the focus should be on promoting integration of special needs students into the mainstream education. While there are many arguments in favour of and against integrations, the benefits for such integration are significant. Those in favour of special facilities argue that these facilities are best for children with special needs in that it helps them maintain self-esteem and experience greater success (Cohen et al. 2004). They argue that segregation helps them with self-esteem and protects them from stigmatization. To some extent, they raise a valid argument especially given that the mainstream schools do not have enough human resources and adequate material for catering for the needs of such children (Hocutt 1996). However, such an approach will only further enhance stigmatization and negative labelling. Also, it might lead to social isolation from their peers and a lack of academic press, and higher order thinking among children with special needs. Moreover, placing such students in special facilities conjures up images which render them as failures and this may further reinforce their low-self esteem (Cohen et al 2004). Perhaps this might be the reason why some of these students become physically aggressive or verbally abusive. They end up viewing aggression as the only way to be recognized (Cohen et al 2004). There are several benefits to such an intergrated approach to learning including better social adjustment and stigma reduction. Children with special needs may also benefit from inclusion programs through participating in typical experiences of childhood, gaining an understanding about diversity of people in the community, and gaining the confidence to pursue inclusion in other settings such as recreational groups (Nutbrown Clough 2010). Other regular students may benefit from the opportunity to meet and share experiences with special needs students, and developing positive attitudes towards students with varied abilities (Weston 2003). There is a need to ensure that these students receive as broad and balanced an entitlement curriculum as possible, similar to that received by the regular students (Cohens et al. 2004). Regardless of their condition or of the developmental delays that children with special needs may experience, they should all be allowed to learn and participate in everyday routines just like other children (Weston 2003).It should be remembered that children of all ages have the same intrinsic value and are entitled to the same opportunities for participation in child care. Conclusion Research has shown that special needs students who are mixed with their peers in mainstream classrooms are more likely to achieve better outcomes academically and socially while those in segregated classes fall further behind. There are, however, challenges to such an integrated approach to working with special needs children. Challenges related to coping with emotionally and behaviourally disturbed children and the challenge of ensuring fairness have been highlighted in this paper. Despite these challenges, the paper calls for an integrated approach to working with children with special needs. Unless there is a compelling reason to put special needs children in special settings, they should be placed in the mainstream educational setting. To ensure the success of this integrated approach, it is important that all the professionals involved value and appreciate their individual roles and those of others in order to ensure that these children receive best education, care and support. Families must also show their commitment to the multi-disciplinary partnership approaches. References Allen, K. E., and Cowdery, G. E., 2004. The exceptional child: Inclusion in early childhood. Albany, NY: Delmar. Brown, J.G., Hemmeter, M.L. and Pretti-Frontczak, K., 2005. Blended practices for teaching young children in inclusive settings. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K., 2004. A guide to teaching practice. Psychology press Connor, J. (2006) Redefining inclusion. Every Child. 12(3) Watson ACT: ECA Department of Education (DoE), 2009. The way forward for special educational needs and inclusion. Department of Education Dukes, C. and Smith, M., 2007. Working with parents of children with special educational needs. London: SAGE publications. Griffin, S., 2008. Inclusion, equality and diversity in working with children, Professional Development. Oxford Heinemann, A. and Vickerman, P., 2009. Key issues in special educational needs and inclusion. London: Sage Hocutt, A.M., 1996.’Effectiveness of special education: is placement the critical factor?’ The Future of Children Special Education For Students With Disabilities, Vol.6 (1) Jones, C.A., 2004. Supporting inclusion in the early years. Supporting early learning. McGraw-Hill Mitchell, D. (ed) 2009, Contextualizing inclusive education. London: Routledge National Council for Special Education (NCSE), 2011. Children with special educational needs, National Council for Special Education Nutbrown, C. and Clough, P., 2010. Inclusion in the early years. London: Sage Owens, A., 2009. Including children with additional needs in child care. National Childcare Accreditation Council Inc. Porter, L., 2003. Young childrens behaviour. Practical approaches for caregivers and teachers. 2nd edition. London: Paul Chapman Publishing Robinson, K.H. and Jones-Diaz, C., 2005. Diversity and difference in early childhood education. Issues for Theory and Practice. Maidenhead: Open University Press Roffey, S., 2001. Special needs in the early years London. David Fulton Sammons, P., Taggart, B., Smees, R., Sylva, K., Melhuish, E., Siraj-Blatchford and Elliot, K., 2003.The early years transition and special educational needs (EyTSEN) project. London: University of Oxford Silberfeld, C. et al., (eds), 2009, UEL early childhood studies reader. London: Sage publications Swartz, S.L., 2005. Working together: a collaborative model for the delivery of special services in general classrooms. Wall, K., 2011. Special needs and the early years. A practictioner guide. 3rd edition. London: Sage publications Wang, H.L., 2009. ‘Should all students with special educational needs (SEN) be included in mainstream education provision? a critical analysis’. International Education Studies, vol. 2(4) Weston, C (ed), 2010. UEL special needs and inclusive education reader. London. Sage publications Weston, C., 2003. ‘Educating all: inclusive classroom practice’. In: Alfrey, C., Understanding Childrens learning. London. David Fulton.